Function of Qixiang@ Yeast Hydrolysate
Qixiang@ Yeast Hydrolysate (YH), also known as wall-breaking yeast, is a yeast obtained from pure cultured yeast, which is hydrolyzed by endogenous enzymes (intracellular autolytic enzymes) and exogenous enzymes to fully release nucleic acid, small peptides and other functional ingredients. Autolysate. Yeast hydrolysate is rich in nucleic acids, nucleotides (flavored nucleotides), small peptides, digestive enzymes, free amino acids and rich B vitamins and yeast cell walls. The self-dissolving yeast powder is selected with specific yeast as the raw material through high-tech technology such as high-efficiency wall breaking and multi-enzymatic hydrolysis. No carrier, high temperature resistance, easy granulation, excellent attractant, immunity and growth promotion for animals enables the product suitable for aquatic, livestock and pet feed.
1. The function of exogenous yeast nucleotides
1. The regulation of nucleotides on the balance of intestinal microflora
After adding nucleotides to the diet, the ratio between E. coli and lactic acid bacteria has changed in favor of beneficial microorganisms. The nucleotides in the diet can promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the intestine, while bifidobacteria It can hydrolyze sugar into lactic acid and reduce the pH value in the intestine together with Lactobacillus, thereby inhibiting the reproduction of anaerobic pathogens and E. coli and reducing the occurrence of diarrhea.
2. Nucleotides promote intestinal development and maturity
Fast-growing animal gut cells have a faster turnover and require more nucleotides, but in vivo and in vitro experiments have found that 14C-labeled glycine cannot be integrated into the nucleotide pool of mouse small intestine cells, indicating that the small intestine cells lack de novo utilization of amino acids. The ability to synthesize nucleotides, but the purine salvage synthesis (Salvage) pathway in the small intestine has more enzymes than the liver and cecum. During the evolution, the intestinal nucleotide salvage synthesis pathway has advantages over the de novo synthesis pathway.
3. Nucleotides promote intestinal damage repair
Nucleotides can effectively restore intestinal damage caused by stress, infection or intestinal resection. Nucleotides can promote the proliferation of intestinal cells, and can make up for the effects of glutamine deficiency and intestinal ischemia. In addition, nucleotides can protect small intestinal cells from free radical attack and reduce the occurrence of small intestinal inflammation.
4. Nucleotides enhance intestinal immune function
Exogenous nucleotides promote the expression of nuclear lymphocyte Th cell antigens of B lymphocytes, thereby promoting the differentiation and maturation of intestinal lymphocytes. In addition, it can promote the division of white blood cells under stress and improve the phagocytic capacity of white blood cells, thereby improving the body's immunity and reducing the occurrence of animal intestinal diseases. In addition to the strong protective function of animal intestines, nucleotides can also improve animal antioxidant capacity, participate in animal immunity and lipoprotein synthesis.
Second, the physiological function of yeast small peptides
Small peptides refer to a class of compounds containing 2 or 3 amino acid residues. According to the functions performed, small peptides are divided into two categories, namely, nutritive small peptides and functional small peptides. Nutritional small peptides refer to small peptides that do not have special physiological regulatory functions and only provide a nitrogen framework for protein synthesis; functional small peptides refer to small peptides that participate in regulating certain physiological activities of animals or have certain special functions, such as immunity Peptides, antibacterial peptides, antioxidant peptides, epidermal growth factor, etc.
1. Promote the absorption of amino acids and accelerate the synthesis of protein
The absorption of small peptides and the absorption of free amino acids are independent of each other. The form of amino acids in the diet has an important influence on the absorption and metabolism of animal proteins. The absorption of small peptides has the characteristics of fast absorption speed, low energy consumption, and the carrier is not easy to saturate. At the same time, it can eliminate the competition between amino acids when absorbed in the form of free amino acids, and accelerate protein synthesis. The animal's digestive tract can completely absorb small peptides, and the liver, kidneys, and muscles can fully use the small peptides. The kidney is the main place to digest and absorb small peptides and recapture amino acids. The small peptides absorbed into the blood through the digestive tract can directly Involved in the synthesis of body proteins. Compared with free amino acids, small peptides have advantages in absorption and body protein anabolism. Many studies have shown that when the small peptide is used as a nitrogen source, the protein deposition of the animal body is higher than that of the corresponding amino acid diet or complete amino acid diet, and the overall protein deposition is higher than that of the corresponding free amino acid diet.
2. Promote the absorption of mineral elements
The amino acid residues of small peptides can chelate with various metal ions, thereby avoiding the precipitation or adsorption of mineral elements by the antagonists in the intestinal cavity. This chelate can directly reach the brush border of the small intestine and be at the absorption site Hydrolysis occurs, thereby promoting the absorption of mineral elements. Small peptides have a very important role in the absorption and transport of iron. When iron can exist in the form of small peptide iron, it can increase the solubility and absorption rate of ferrous iron.
3. Improve the immunity of animals
Small peptides have immunological activity, can multiply the beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract of the animal body, increase the amount of bacterial protein synthesis, thereby improving the body's immunity and affecting the immune regulation of the animal body. At the same time, small peptides can effectively stimulate and induce the activity of small intestinal chorionic brush border enzymes and promote self-repair of the intestine.
4. Stimulate the secretion and activity of digestive enzymes and promote the development of intestinal mucosa
Small peptides are not only suitable substrates for inducing the secretion of digestive enzymes, but also provide a complete nitrogen framework for the rapid synthesis of digestive enzymes. Small peptides are used as nutrients for the development of the structure and function of intestinal mucosa epithelial cells, effectively promoting the intestinal mucosa tissue. Development; second, it can be completely and effectively absorbed by the intestine, thereby reducing the quality of undigested protein entering the large intestine, reducing the release of ammonia and toxic amines in the back of the large intestine, protecting the entire intestine and maintaining the digestive tract Normal physiological function; In addition, some physiologically active small peptides can directly act as neurotransmitters to indirectly stimulate intestinal hormone receptors, and promote the secretion of enzymes to play a physiological regulatory role, thereby promoting intestinal development.
Third, the compound taste substance
Yeast's RNA (ribonucleic acid) decomposed guanylate (5'GMP) and inosine (5'IMP) have a taste-imparting effect, and only a small amount of nucleotides can be mixed with glutamic acid to improve the MSG Freshness is dozens of times. Inosine and guanylic acid (5'IMP + 5'GMP) in yeast hydrolysate have strong umami taste, can enhance feeding stimulation, can increase the umami taste of food and feed in geometrical order, and present taste nucleotide and glutamine The combination of acid (high in hydrolysate) has a significant synergistic effect, which is better than the use of any condiment alone.
4. Polysaccharide function of yeast cell wall
The outer layer of the yeast cell wall is mannan, which accounts for about 40% to 45% of the dry weight of the cell wall; the middle layer is a layer of protein molecules, which accounts for about 10% of the dry weight of the cell wall, some of which are enzymes that bind to the cell wall Form exists; the inner layer is dextran.
1. Adsorption of intestinal pathogens
Mannan oligosaccharides can inhibit the adhesion and colonization of harmful bacteria. The phytohemagglutinin on the surface of intestinal pathogens has a transferability to manno-oligosaccharides. The phytohemagglutinin on the surface of the pathogenic bacteria is located outside the cell and is connected to the cap and cilia of the bacteria. Bacterial cells with mannose-type cilia specifically adsorb mannose-containing epithelial cells in the intestine. Once these cells are absorbed, they build up in the intestine and cause disease. The mannose-rich adsorption source provided by mannose oligosaccharides can bind bacteria and prevent them from adsorbing on the intestinal wall. Because mannan oligosaccharides are not degraded by digestive enzymes, it can pass through the intestine along with adsorbed pathogens, preventing them from accumulating in the intestine.
2. Immunomodulatory effect on animal body
Manno-oligosaccharides are immunogenic and can stimulate the body's immune response, and they can bind to the surface of certain eukaryotic cells of toxins and viruses and act as adjuvants to these foreign antigens, slowing the absorption of antigens and increasing the titer of antigens In order to enhance the nuclear and humoral immune response of the animal body, the addition of an appropriate amount of mannose oligosaccharide can also significantly improve the antibody response ability, thereby enhancing the protective function of the vaccine. Beta-glucan can activate macrophages in animals. It is generally believed that the retinal endothelial system produces a large number of macrophages that are critical to the body's immune function under the stimulation of glucan, and macrophages are absorbed by phagocytosis. 、Destroy and eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms in the body that have been damaged, aging or dead, and invade the body; In addition, β-glucan can induce animals to produce non-specific immunity to candidiasis and improve survival rate;
3. The impact of the gastrointestinal microecological environment
The yeast cell wall can selectively promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract of the animal, such as Bifidobacterium, to form a micro-ecological competitive advantage in the gastrointestinal tract, directly inhibiting the exogenous bacteria and intestinal spoilage bacteria in the barrier, nutrition and Normal immune function. This function is achieved by forming intestinal flora with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli as the dominant bacteria. . Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are important functional groups that together maintain the intestinal health through various functions, thus forming a micro-ecological competitive advantage and promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in animals.
4. Exhibiting various biological activities—adsorption of mycotoxins
The yeast cell wall material is relatively stable to the acidolysis process, and its fragments can pass through the stomach or abomasum intact. This ability to resist acid digestion has created a wide range of biological activities in different kinds of animals. This characteristic is the multiple biological activities of complex carbohydrates. Studies have reported that studies on in vitro liquid media have shown that the addition of yeast culture can degrade up to 88% of Aspergillus flavus B1, and mannan oligosaccharides can also bind zearalenone, which can be physically adsorbed or directly bound Mycotoxin does not affect other feed ingredients.
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